Air is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture. It consists mainly of nitrogen (approximately 78 percent) and oxygen (approximately 21 percent). The remaining components are small amounts of amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases.
Indoor air is the air within a cleanroom, process building, industrial shelter, coating booth, or production facility. Different levels of air quality are required, depending on the application or facility.
Chemical testing companies test liquid, gas, powder, or solid substances that have a distinct molecular composition and are produced by a chemical process.
Gases include argon, carbon dioxide, phosphine, nitrogen, oxygen, mixed gases, semiconductor gases, medical gases, process gases, and other specialty gases.
Hazardous wastes are solid wastes that pose substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. They are defined as hazardous wastes by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); exhibit one or more characteristics of s hazardous waste (e.g., ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, and/or toxicity); and/or are generated by the treatment of hazardous waste, or are contained in a hazardous waste.
Lead, chromium, mercury, and other heavy metal are toxic and persistent in when released into the environment. Lead is an element that was once used as a pigment and drying agent in paint. An elevated level of lead in the body can cause serious damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys, and red blood cells. The degree of harm is related to the amount of exposure and the age at which a person is exposed. The Federal government estimates that lead is present in about 75 percent of all private homes in the United States built before 1978.
Microbiological companies test for protozoans, algae, fungi, molds, bacteria, and viruses. Viruses include but are not limited to coliform, HPC, enterococci, AOC, colephage, molds, e. coli, etc.
Nanomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or composite materials with a crystal or feature size in the range of 1 - 100 nm. Nanotechnology products are consolidated materials or devices that utilize nanostructures.
Sediments are insoluble materials deposited from a water suspension. Sediments consist mainly of particles derived from rocks, soil, and organic materials; a major nonpoint source pollutant to which other pollutants may attach.
According to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), solid waste is defined as solid, semi-solid, liquid, or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid waste includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water supply or waste treatment plants or air pollution control facilities, and other discarded materials.
Wafer / surface testing companies analyze the composition, thickness, surface roughness, and/or properties of wafers, substrates, and other precision-surfaced materials. Wafer or surface testing is used in semiconductor, electronic, optical, and medical applications.
Volatiles (VOCs) and solvent testing analyzes waste streams, products (resins, coatings, etc.), or air for solvent or volatile organic compound (VOC) content or release.
Ground water is water under the earth's surface, regardless of the geological structure in which the water is standing or flowing. Ground water does not include water in underground streams that have identifiable banks and beds.
Process water is used in the processing of chemicals or materials. Water purity can have a large impact on process efficiency, yield, and quality. Process water can be a feed or raw material for a chemical reaction; a diluent of acid for etching in semiconductor processing; a vehicle to deliver cleaners, abrasives or polishing media; or a coolant within a heat exchanger.
Surface water is precipitation that does not soak into the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration. It is stored in streams, lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands, oceans, and reservoirs.
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Bioanalytical services perform pharmaceutical, agricultural, biological, microbial, and other life science testing and analysis activities. Bioanalytical services are a subset of companies within the larger field of biotechnology, the science of using biological systems or living organisms to make useful products. Bioanalytical services are used throughout the entire drug development lifecycle. They perform pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic screening and provide expertise with mammalian cell-based assays, biomarkers, radiochemistry, immunoassays, and electrophoresis.
Cleanliness monitoring samples and/or test the cleanliness levels or identifies contamination in cleanrooms through evaluations of cleanroom air, work surfaces, labware, tools, and/or equipment.
Environmental site assessments (ESA) examine soil, sediment, and water for the presence or absence of conditions that are in excess of EPA or state regulations. Testing may include ground penetrating radar, geophysical surveys, soil and/or ground water sampling, and chemical analysis.
Geotechnical services apply the science of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, engineering geology, and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects.
Purity testing companies have the ability to analyze and characterize air, water, food, or other product samples for quality or purity. For example, water quality or purity is often evaluated using Source Drinking Water Analysis (SDWA) methods.
Sample retention holds samples for a period of time after testing. The supplier may retain the samples for an extended period of time for an additional storage fee.
Stack emissions or opacity testing tests stack waste-air or combusted gases streams for opacity, particulates, composition (carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide), temperature, or other properties.
Standards testing services verify that materials meet established standards by organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Umpire testing compares the test results of the same sample, which have been tested by different laboratories. Umpire assayers or referee testers compare the two or more other labs results to their own rigorous internal assays or tests. Interlaboratory comparisons, round robins, or proficiency testing services are a valuable continuous improvement tool that translates into improved measurement quality.
Underground storage tank (UST) services perform the inspection, testing, and analysis of underground storage tanks. Services may include the location of tanks using ground penetrating radar, tank integrity, non-destructive testing (NDT) evaluations, sampling of tank contents and surrounding soil, and chemical analysis of samples to soil or ground water contamination.
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Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique that examines material surfaces for low-energy, valance electrons. These low-energy, secondary electrons are used to identify elemental composition.
Atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers use light absorption to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. An analyte, usually a solid or liquid, is vaporized in a flame or in a graphite furnace with a temperature of 1000° - 1200° K. Atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and achieve higher energy levels. Absorption amounts determine the analyte concentration.
Chromatography separates compounds by their distribution between two phases and produced chromatograms. Examples include ion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC).
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a very high temperature (7000° - 8000° K) excitation source that efficiently desolvates, vaporizes, excites, and ionizes atoms. Molecular interferences are greatly reduced with this excitation source, but are not completely eliminated. ICP sources are used to excite atoms for atomic emission spectroscopy and to ionize atoms for mass spectrometry.
Laser ablation (LA) is used in conjunction with ICP techniques to analyze solid samples. A laser is used to extract a minute volume from the surface of the solid sample on the order of 10 microns in diameter.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy measures the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of infrared light by a sample. Mid-infrared light (2.5 - 50 µm, 4000 - 200 cm) is energetic enough to excite molecular vibrations to higher energy levels. The wavelength of IR absorption bands is characteristic of specific types of chemical bonds. IR spectroscopy finds its greatest use in the identification of organic and organometallic molecules.
Mass spectrometers separate ions by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. They are used to identify compounds by the mass of one or more elements in the compound. They are also used to determine the isotopic composition of one or more elements in a compound.
Microscopy and metallography study the structure and composition of materials by using low to high powered magnification with optical and electron microscopes, spectrometry, diffraction, X-ray, and other analytical techniques.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) services may include failure analysis, material analysis, and the elemental analysis (EDS) of extremely small particles. SEMs are electron microscopes in which the image is formed by synchronizing a detector with a focused electron beam that scans the object. The intensity of the image-forming beam is proportional to the back scattered or secondary emission of the specimen where the probe strikes. The magnification is controlled by the length or area scanned.
Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) simulates sanitary landfill containment leaching in waste samples. It was established by the EPA and is also known as EPA SW-846 analytical Method 1311.
Trace analysis can detect very low levels of metals, elements, or other chemicals within a sample. The trace level can represent co-contamination or be intentionally added as part of the process. Trace levels are measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), parts per trillion (ppt), or parts per quadrillion (ppq).
UV / Vis spectroscopy is used to determine the bulk concentration of a sample by analyzing transmitted light through the sample. Absorption patterns and other optical properties are used to determine the bulk composition.
Wet chemical analysis excludes all techniques that use instrumentation for quantitative analysis. It plays on important role in many other analytical applications including coating identification and wear metal identification.
X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (XRF) use a spectroscopic technique (commonly used with solids) in which X-rays excite a sample and generate secondary X-rays. The X-rays broadcast into the sample eject inner-shell electrons. Outer-shell electrons take the place of the ejected electrons and emit photons in the process. The wavelength of the photons depends on the energy difference between the outer-shell and inner-shell electron orbitals. The amount of X-ray fluorescence is very sample dependent and quantitative analysis requires calibration with standards that are similar to the sample matrix.
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Company provides examinations, investigations, testing, forensic analysis, and/or expert witness or testimony services for legal or litigation applications.
Companies test materials used in semiconductors, electronic components, or finished products such as semiconductor wafers, packaged dies or integrated circuits (ICs), electronic packaging materials, industrial electronics, and commercial audio-visual (AV) products.
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) formed the Codes and Standards Technology Institute (CSTI) in November 2001 to ensure that ASME standards committees are provided with a continuing source of research in the technologies that they cover. CSTI provides the research and technology development needed to establish and maintain the technical relevance of codes and standards.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) establishes standards for protective equipment. Products that are ASTM-certified comply with specific design specifications for safety.
MIL-SPEC is a procurement specification established by one or more of military agencies and used for the procurement of military supplies, equipment, or services.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl, and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS became effective on July 1, 2006.
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A2LA is the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation. A2LA accreditation is defined as formal recognition of an organization's technical competency to perform specific tests, types of tests, or calibrations.
The general requirements for laboratory accreditation are contained in ISO / IEC 17025. This standard contains quality system requirements and technical requirements that the laboratories must meet. Laboratory accreditation requirements, however, go beyond just ISO / IEC 17025.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation, and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standards have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 14001 provides an internationally recognized framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. ISO 14001 does not prescribe environmental performance targets, but provides organizations with the tools to assess and control the impact of their activities, products, or services on the environment.
The term "ISO 14000" refers to a family of standards: ISO 14000:1996, ISO 14001:1996, and ISO 14004:1996. ISO 14000:1996 contains vocabulary and definitions. ISO 14001:1996 contains the actual requirements with which an organization needs to comply in order to become certified. ISO 14004:1996 contains guidelines for the development and implementation of environmental management systems and principles.
Companies are certified to U.S. military or department of defense (DOD) standards, or recognized by the DOD or U.S. military as a valid environmental laboratory.
The Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) is a part of OSHA’s Directorate of Science, Technology, and Medicine. The program recognizes private sector organizations as NRTL, and recognition signifies that an organization has met the necessary qualifications specified in the regulations for the program. The NRTL determines that specific equipment and materials ("products") meet consensus-based standards of safety to provide the assurance, required by OSHA, that these products are safe for use in the U.S. workplace.
Companies are certified to state standards or recognized by the state as a valid environmental laboratory. An environmental lab can be certified in multiple states.
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Companies are located in the Northeast United States; namely Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Companies are located in the Southern United States; namely Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington D.C., and West Virginia.
Companies are located in the Midwest United States; namely Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Companies have facilities in South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, or Chile; or in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, etc.
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